Pembunuhan bersasar

百度 “全国很多城市都曾出台过类似的禁令，但管不住，大不了司机口袋里放两部手机，一部应付公司检查，一部接单做生意。

Pembunuhan bersasar merupakan satu bentuk pembunuhan yang dilakukan oleh pihak kerajaan di luar prosedur undang-undang atau di dalam medan peperangan.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Sejak akhir kurun ke-20, status undang-undang pembunuhan bersasar menjadi satu subjek pertikaian dalam atau antara pelbagai negara. Dari segi sejarah, sekurang-kurangnya sejak kurun ke-18, pemikiran Barat secara umumnya menganggap penggunaan pembunuhan sebagai alat kenegaraan adalah haram.^[5] Beberapa anggota akademik, tentera dan pegawai^[6] telah memperincikan pembunuhan bersasar sebagai sah dalam konteks untuk mempertahankan diri, apabila digunakan ke atas para pengganas atau pejuang dalam peperangan tidak simetri. Mereka berdalih bahawa kenderaan tempur udara tanpa pemandu (dron) adalah lebih kemanusiaan dan tepat berbanding kenderaan berpemandu.^[7]^[8]

Para sarjana juga berbelah bagi sama ada pembunuhan bersasar merupakan satu strategi melawan keganasan yang lebih efektif.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Lihat juga

Rujukan

^ Greenwald, Glenn (2025-08-06). "Obama moves to make the War on Terror permanent | Glenn Greenwald". The Guardian (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ISSN 0261-3077. Dicapai pada 2025-08-06.
^ Pollack, Kenneth M. (2025-08-06). "Learning From Israel's Political Assassination Program". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ISSN 0362-4331. Dicapai pada 2025-08-06.
^ Mann, James (2025-08-06). The Obamians: The Struggle Inside the White House to Redefine American Power (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Penguin. m/s. 410. ISBN 9781101583616.
^ Lynn, John A. (2025-08-06). Another Kind of War: The Nature and History of Terrorism (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Yale University Press. m/s. 410. ISBN 9780300188813.
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama CSS
^ "Targeted Killings". Council on Foreign Relations. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 10 February 2015. Dicapai pada 15 February 2015.
^ Carroll, Rory (2 Ogos 2012). "The philosopher making the moral case for US drones". The Guardian. London. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 18 Februari 2017. Dicapai pada 16 Disember 2016.
^ Shane, Scott (14 Julai 2012). "The Moral Case for Drones". The New York Times. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 18 Februari 2017. Dicapai pada 13 Februari 2017.
^ Press, Stanford University (2019). Leadership Decapitation: Strategic Targeting of Terrorist Organizations | Jenna Jordan (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Stanford University Press. ISBN 9781503608245. Dicapai pada 2025-08-06 – melalui www.sup.org.
^ Jordan, Jenna (April 2014). "Attacking the Leader, Missing the Mark: Why Terrorist Groups Survive Decapitation Strikes". International Security (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 38 (4): 7–38. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00157. ISSN 0162-2889. S2CID 57569755.
^ Frankel, M. (2010). "The ABCs of HVT: Key Lessons from High Value Targeting Campaigns Against Insurgents and Terrorists". Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. 34: 17–30. doi:10.1080/1057610x.2011.531456. S2CID 110265235.
^ Jordan, Jenna (2025-08-06). "When Heads Roll: Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Decapitation". Security Studies. 18 (4): 719–755. doi:10.1080/09636410903369068. ISSN 0963-6412. S2CID 59496454.
^ Johnston, Patrick B. (2025-08-06). "Does Decapitation Work? Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Targeting in Counterinsurgency Campaigns". International Security. 36 (4): 47–79. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00076. ISSN 0162-2889. S2CID 53519659.
^ Price, Bryan C. (2025-08-06). "Targeting Top Terrorists: How Leadership Decapitation Contributes to Counterterrorism". International Security. 36 (4): 9–46. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00075. ISSN 0162-2889. S2CID 15188795.

Bacaan lanjut

Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang Pembunuhan bersasar di Wikipedia:
	Takrifan dari Wikikamus
	Imej dan media dari Commons
	Berita dari Wikiberita
	Petikan dari Wikipetikan
	Teks sumber dari Wikisumber

Monograf

Anna Goppel (2013): Killing Terrorists. A Moral and Legal Analysis. De Gruyter, Berlin.
Jordan, Jenna. 2019. Leadership Decapitation: Strategic Targeting of Terrorist Organizations. Stanford University Press.
Thomas, Ward J. 2001. The Ethics of Destruction: Norms and Force in International Relations. Cornell University Press.

Buku

Jeremy Scahill and The Staff of The Intercept (2016). The Assassination Complex: Inside the Government’s Secret Drone Warfare Program. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781501144134

Jurnal

Banks, William C.; Raven-Hansen, Peter (March 2002). "Targeted Killing and Assassination: The U.S. Legal Framework" (PDF). University of Richmond Law Review. 37: 667. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 10 June 2010.
Guiora, Amos (2004). "Targeted Killing as active self-defense". Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 36: 319. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 22 December 2011. Dicapai pada 4 December 2011.^{[pengesahan diperlukan]}
Statman, Daniel (2004). "Targeted Killing" (PDF). Theoretical Inquiries in Law. 5: 1. doi:10.2202/1565-3404.1090. S2CID 201122053. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 5 June 2023.
Byman, Daniel (March–April 2006). "Do targeted killings work?" (PDF). Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. 85 (2): 95–111. doi:10.2307/20031914. JSTOR 20031914. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 30 September 2011.
Hafez, Mohammed; Hatfield, Joseph (September 2006). "Do Targeted Assassinations Work? A Multivariate Analysis of Israel's Controversial Tactic during Al-Aqsa Uprising". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 29 (4): 359–382. doi:10.1080/10576100600641972. S2CID 109665115.
James Igoe Walsh (2018) "The rise of targeted killing," Journal of Strategic Studies, 41:1–2, 143–159
Vlasic, Mark V. (2012). "Assassination & Targeted Killing – A Historical and Post-Bin Laden Legal Analysis". Georgetown Journal of International Law. 43 (2): 259–333. ISSN 1550-5200.
Dear, Keith (2013). "Beheading the Hydra? Does Killing Terrorist or Insurgent Leaders Work?". Defence Studies Journal. 13 (3): 293–337. doi:10.1080/14702436.2013.845383. S2CID 154170644.
Schlager, Scott A. & Govern, Kevin H. (2013). "'Guns for Hire, Death on Demand': The Permissibility of U.S. Outsourcing of Drone Attacks to Civilian Surrogates of the Armed Forces and Challenges to Traditional Just War Theory". Florida Journal of International Law. XXV (2): 147–206. SSRN 2341756.
Thomas, Ward J. 2000. "Norms and Security: The Case of International Assassination." International Security, vol. 25. no. 1: 105–133.

Surat khabar

Sofaer, Abraham (26 March 2004). "Responses to Terrorism/Targeted killing is a necessary option". San Francisco Chronicle. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 29 August 2011.
Kaplan, Eben (25 January 2006). "Q&A: Targeted Killings". The New York Times.
Blumenfield, Laura (27 August 2006). "In Israel, leaders struggle with targeted killings; Moral, legal quandaries mark decision to use select weapon against terror". The Washington Post. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 11 May 2008.
Barghouti, Mustafa (8 June 2007). "Targeted killing won't bring peace". The New York Times.
Dromi, Uri (24 March 2010). "A targeted killing: How else is Israel meant to deal with terror?". The New York Times.
Bowcott, Owen (21 June 2012). "Drone strikes threaten 50 years of international law, says UN rapporteur: US policy of using drone strikes to carry out targeted killings 'may encourage other states to flout international law'". The Guardian. London.
Scahill, Jeremy (15 October 2015). "The Drone Papers: Secret military documents expose the inner workings of Obama's drone wars". The Huffington Post.

NGO

"Convenient Killing: Armed Drones and the 'Playstation' Mentality" (PDF). Fellowship of Reconciliation. September 2010. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 22 December 2011. Dicapai pada 4 December 2011.

Laporan kerajaan dan PBB

Alston, Philip (28 May 2010). "Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions: Addendum Study on targeted killings (A/HRC/14/24/Add.6)" (PDF). Human Rights Council, Fourteenth session Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development. Third party briefing papers on the report:
- McClure, Kevin (3 June 2010). "UN official says 'targeted killings' fall into 'accountability vacuum' (Blog by Government Documents Librarian for the Downtown Campus Library at the Chicago-Kent College of Law)". govdocsblog.kentlaw.edu. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 August 2011.
- Raja, Kanaga (May 2010). "UN expert criticises targeted killings, US drone attacks". Third World Resurgence (237): 32–35. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 January 2012. Dicapai pada 4 December 2011.

Templat:War on terror

Templat:War crimes

[1] Greenwald, Glenn (2025-08-06). "Obama moves to make the War on Terror permanent | Glenn Greenwald". The Guardian (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ISSN 0261-3077. Dicapai pada 2025-08-06.

[2] Pollack, Kenneth M. (2025-08-06). "Learning From Israel's Political Assassination Program". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ISSN 0362-4331. Dicapai pada 2025-08-06.

[3] Mann, James (2025-08-06). The Obamians: The Struggle Inside the White House to Redefine American Power (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Penguin. m/s. 410. ISBN 9781101583616.

[4] Lynn, John A. (2025-08-06). Another Kind of War: The Nature and History of Terrorism (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Yale University Press. m/s. 410. ISBN 9780300188813.

[CSS-5] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama CSS

[6] "Targeted Killings". Council on Foreign Relations. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 10 February 2015. Dicapai pada 15 February 2015.

[7] Carroll, Rory (2 Ogos 2012). "The philosopher making the moral case for US drones". The Guardian. London. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 18 Februari 2017. Dicapai pada 16 Disember 2016.

[8] Shane, Scott (14 Julai 2012). "The Moral Case for Drones". The New York Times. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 18 Februari 2017. Dicapai pada 13 Februari 2017.

[9] Press, Stanford University (2019). Leadership Decapitation: Strategic Targeting of Terrorist Organizations | Jenna Jordan (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Stanford University Press. ISBN 9781503608245. Dicapai pada 2025-08-06 – melalui www.sup.org.

[10] Jordan, Jenna (April 2014). "Attacking the Leader, Missing the Mark: Why Terrorist Groups Survive Decapitation Strikes". International Security (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 38 (4): 7–38. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00157. ISSN 0162-2889. S2CID 57569755.

[11] Frankel, M. (2010). "The ABCs of HVT: Key Lessons from High Value Targeting Campaigns Against Insurgents and Terrorists". Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. 34: 17–30. doi:10.1080/1057610x.2011.531456. S2CID 110265235.

[12] Jordan, Jenna (2025-08-06). "When Heads Roll: Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Decapitation". Security Studies. 18 (4): 719–755. doi:10.1080/09636410903369068. ISSN 0963-6412. S2CID 59496454.

[13] Johnston, Patrick B. (2025-08-06). "Does Decapitation Work? Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Targeting in Counterinsurgency Campaigns". International Security. 36 (4): 47–79. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00076. ISSN 0162-2889. S2CID 53519659.

[14] Price, Bryan C. (2025-08-06). "Targeting Top Terrorists: How Leadership Decapitation Contributes to Counterterrorism". International Security. 36 (4): 9–46. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00075. ISSN 0162-2889. S2CID 15188795.

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